Programming memory cells using a program pulse

ABSTRACT

Described herein are techniques related to one or more systems, apparatuses, methods, etc. for programming a memory cell through the use of a program pulse.

BACKGROUND

Non-volatile memory (NVM) has pervaded many of the devices that we useeach day, from the music of MP3 players, to the photos on digitalcameras, to the stored e-mail messages in our smartphones, and to thefiles that we carry in our portable devices.

With the different NVMs in the current market, a phase change memory(PCM) NVM has made rapid progress in terms of sophisticateddemonstrations of scaling to small device dimensions. The PCM typicallyexploits large resistance contrast between its amorphous and crystallinestates in so-called phase change materials. The amorphous phase tends tohave high electrical resistivity while the crystalline phase exhibits alow electrical resistivity, sometimes 3 or 4 orders of magnitude lower.Due to this large resistance contrast, the change in read current islarge enough to open up an opportunity for multiple analog levels in theprogramming of the PCM.

Currently, prior to any programming pulse that is applied to the PCM, aseparate read operation is performed in order to determine whether afurther programming pulse is required. Typically, the separate read stepmay take about 50 nanoseconds to perform and the programming pulse stepanother 50 nanoseconds. The total operation taking about 100nanoseconds.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an example schematic diagram for programming a selected memorycell as described in present implementation.

FIG. 2 is an example graph that shows a transition in configuration of amemory cell from a programmable state to a non-programmable state.

FIG. 3 is an example schematic diagram of a memory array grid toimplement selection of a programmable memory cell.

FIG. 4 is an example process chart illustrating a method for programminga memory cell by utilizing a capacitance-discharge current pulse.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an example computing device toimplement a method for programming a memory cell by utilizing acapacitance-discharge current pulse.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an example device to implement a methodfor programming a memory cell by utilizing a capacitance-dischargecurrent pulse.

The following Detailed Description is provided with reference to theaccompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of areference number usually identifies the figure in which the referencenumber first appears. The use of the same reference numbers in differentfigures indicates similar or identical items.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This document discloses one or more systems, apparatuses, methods, etc.for programming a memory cell through the use of a program pulse. Thememory cell, for example, is a phase change memory (PCM) cell or otherelectronic threshold switch. The program pulse may be acapacitance-discharge current pulse or any other controlledcurrent-pulse that may be applied to the memory cell by a programmingdevice.

In an implementation, the programming device, which may implement acapacitor, may be used to provide the program pulse. For example, theprogramming device is connected to the memory cell or memory cells, andsupplies the capacitance-discharge current pulse in order to facilitatethe programming or storing of information to a selected memory cell(s).

To program a selected memory cell, a self-selecting voltage is appliedto the selected memory cell. In an implementation, the applied voltageis at least equal to a desired minimum voltage threshold of the selectedmemory cell. In other words, to program the selected memory cell, theapplied voltage is assumed to be greater than a present voltagethreshold (Vth) of the selected memory cell. Applying a voltage greaterthan the Vth of the cell facilitates a thresholding of the selectedmemory cell, and passing of current through the memory cell.

With the application of the voltage, the voltage is compared to thepresent voltage threshold (Vth) of the selected memory cell. If theapplied voltage is greater than the present Vth, then the selectedmemory cell is said to be thresholding. In other words, the selectedmemory cell is turned on and set for programming or storing of bits ofinformation. Otherwise, if the applied voltage is less than the Vth,then the selected memory cell does not threshold and no program pulse isfurther applied. For example, if the memory cell does not threshold,then the current programming process does not occur. A program pulse isexpected to be about 25 nanoseconds. In prior art program and verifyroutines, the routine may take 100 nanoseconds, which may include a 50nanosecond program pule and a verify/read step that may take another 50nanosecond. As discussed herein, the verify/read step takes place withthe program place. Therefore, the total time for such an operation maybe 25 nanoseconds.

A thresholding memory cell (e.g., a PCM cell) may switch or change itsphase or material resistivity from a highly-resistive amorphous phase(i.e., RESET state) into a low-resistance crystallization state (i.e.,SET state), or vice-versa. In between these states, multiplecapacitance-discharge current pulses may be configured and utilized tofacilitate the programming of multiple bits of information. Such aprogram pulse is expected to be about 25 nanoseconds. For example,multiple capacitance-discharge current pulses are configured tostep-increase the material resistivity of the memory cell. In thisexample, the step-increase may correspond to different thresholdingevents or programming of the memory cell. Furthermore, the step-increasemay provide different amounts of programming current to the memory cell.Since a capacitance discharge pulse is used, the current delivered inthe discharge pulse is proportional to the Vth of the memory cell. Thusas the memory cell receives repeated capacitance discharge pulses thecurrent delivered in these pulses continues to increase until the Vth ofthe memory cell exceeds the applied voltage of the pulse. Because thememory cell thresholds when the applied bias equals its Vth, the currentdelivered by the discharge pulse is dictated by the cell Vth not theapplied bias. As discussed above, the thresholding events or programmingof the memory cell is implemented as long as the applied voltage isgreater than the present Vth. The present Vth in this case increases invalue after each thresholding event.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example schematic diagram 100 for programming aselected memory cell as described in present implementation. Theschematic diagram 100, for example, shows a basic schematic diagram of aprogrammable non-volatile memory cell 102 such as the PCM cell. Thememory cell 102 may be a part of a memory component or an apparatus in adevice, such as a wireless device. As shown, diagram programming device104 includes a write controller 106, a selector 108, a capacitancedischarge 110, and a current mirror 112.

In an implementation, the write controller 106 may drive the selector108 to choose a particular memory cell 102 from an array of memorycells. The array of memory cells is typically a grid that includes a bitline and a word line, as further discussed below. For example, theselection of the particular memory cell 102 may include supplying ofvoltage potentials to a particular bit line and word line of the grid.In this example, the intersection of the bit line and the word linefacilitates the location of the selected memory cell 102.

Furthermore, the write controller 106 may drive the capacitancedischarge 110 to apply a capacitance-discharge current pulse to thememory cell 102. For example, the write controller 106 may control thetiming and amount of the capacitance-discharge current pulse that isutilized to store information to the memory cell 102. In this example,the capacitance-discharge current pulse is applied when the memory cell102 is at a programming state. In other words, the memory cell 106 isthresholding. The programmable state of the memory cell 102 is furtherdiscussed below in FIG. 2.

In an implementation, the memory cell 102 may be a phase change memory(PCM) cell or any other electronic threshold switch. For example, thePCM cell may change its phase or material resistivity duringthresholding events. The capacitance-discharge current pulse from thecapacitance discharge 108 may facilitate the change in phase or materialresistivity of the memory cell 102. Different memory cells 102 mayrequire different amounts of capacitance-discharge current pulses tochange its phase or material resistivity. In other words, some memorycell(s) 102 may undergo few capacitance-discharge current pulses beforethey stop thresholding. To this end, the programming process of thememory cell(s) 102 stops.

As an example of present implementations herein, the current mirror 112and the capacitance discharge 108 may effectively be viewed as theprogramming device 104 for the memory cell 102. In other words, thecurrent mirror 112 and the capacitance discharge 108 may facilitate theapplication of the program pulse (i.e., capacitance-discharge currentpulse).

In an implementation, the current mirror 112 may include an output of adiode transistor (not shown) that copies or mirrors a reference currentfrom another diode transistor (not shown). For example, the other diodetransistor is a biasing transistor for the separate diode transistorthat produces the current mirror 112. In this example, the currentmirror 112 may also be utilized to charge the capacitor of thecapacitance discharge 110. Furthermore, the current mirror 112 may beutilized to set a level of the capacitance discharge 110 to continueindefinitely until it self terminates when the cell Vth has exceeded theapplied voltage. In other words, after the capacitance discharge 110discharges the current-pulse to the memory cell 102 and then terminates,the current mirror 112 then facilitates flowing of a minimum current torecharge the capacitor to the desired applied voltage. The capacitor canthen be discharged through the memory cell 102 if the applied voltageexceeds the memory cell Vth.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example graph 200 that shows a transition inconfiguration of the memory cell 102 from a programmable state to anon-programmable state. As shown, FIG. 2 portrays a memory cell voltagethreshold (Vth) 202 plotted along an x-axis line, a number of memorycells 106 is plotted along a y-axis line. An area is defined as aprogramming state 204 and an area is defined as a non-programming state206. An applied self-selecting target voltage (Vt) 208 is identified onthe graph 200.

As an example of present implementations herein, the applied targetvoltage Vt 208 is a predetermined voltage potential that is utilized asa reference point for distinguishing the programming state 204 from thenon-programming state 206 of a particular memory cell 106. In animplementation, the applied target voltage Vt 208 is assumed to includea value that is equal to a desired minimum Vth of the memory cell 106.In this implementation, the memory cell 102 may be assumed to be inprogrammable state 204 when the applied target voltage Vt 208 is lessthan or equal to the desired minimum Vth of the memory cell 102.

For example, a 1.1 volts 212 predetermined voltage potential (i.e.,applied target voltage Vt 208) is applied to a particular memory cell106 that includes a present Vth 202 of 0.5 volts 210. In this example,the present Vth 202 of the particular memory cell 102 is less than theapplied target voltage Vt 208. As a result, the particular memory cell102 is assumed to threshold and begin to be in programming state 204. Inother words, the particular memory cell 102 is said to be thresholdingand a capacitance discharge current pulse from the capacitance discharge110 may flow into the memory cell 102. The capacitance-discharge currentpulse, in this case, may be utilized to program a particular bit ofinformation to the memory cell 102.

In between the present cell Vth 202 of 0.5 volts 210 and the appliedvoltage 208 of 1.1 volts, multiple step increases in the cell Vth 202may be provided by capacitance-discharge current pulses. For example,after application of the capacitance-discharge current pulse, thepresent Vth 202 of 0.5 volts 210 will become 0.7 volts (i.e., newlyincreased Vth 202). Because the newly increased Vth 202 of 0.7 volts isstill less than the applied voltage Vt 208 of 1.1 volts, anothercapacitance-discharge current pulse may be utilized to program thememory cell 106. This process may repeat until the newly increased Vth202 is greater than the applied voltage Vt 208 of 1.1 volts. In otherimplementations, the duration of the current pulses may be increased,instead of voltage step increases.

In an implementation, the capacitance-discharge current pulse isimplemented through the capacitance discharge 110 while the applicationof multiple capacitance discharge pulses (and increase in the Vth 202)is implemented through the current mirror 112. In this implementation,the capacitive current-pulse discharge alters or changes the phase ormaterial resistivity of the memory cell 102.

In case of multiple program pulses during thresholding events, multiplebits of information may correspond to different phases or levels ofmaterial resistivity of the memory cell 102. These corresponding changesare facilitated by different amounts of capacitance-discharge currentpulses from the capacitance discharge 110.

In an implementation, the change in the phase or material resistivity ofmemory cell 102 may remain the same throughout the operating life of thememory cell 102. In other words, the memory cell 102 may perform thefunction of a non-volatile memory. For example, a particular capacitivecurrent-pulse discharge provides a particular change in the materialresistivity of the memory cell 102, which is in the programming state(i.e., it is thresholding). In this example, the particular change inthe material resistivity may represent the bit-status or information inthe memory cell 106 throughout its operating life.

In a scenario where the applied voltage 208 (e.g., 1.1 volts 212) isless than the current Vth 202 (e.g., 1.5 volts 214) of the memory cell102, the memory cell 106 is assumed to be in the non-programming state206. In this scenario, no thresholding events occur, and the programmingof the memory cell 102 does not occur. In another example, when theapplied target voltage Vt 208 of 1.1V is already less than the cell Vth202 of 1.5 volts 214 during the initial programming attempt, then theinitial programming is discontinued and the memory cell 102 is left asit is.

During the non-programming state 206 (i.e., non-thresholding state) ofthe memory cell 102, a read operation may be performed by measuring anamount of current that flows into the memory cell 102. The measuredamount of flowing current is a function of the material resistivity ofthe memory cell 102. To this end, the stored information may be deducedfrom the determined material resistivity of the memory cell 102. Forexample, the flowing current is supplied by the current mirror 112. Inthis example, the supplied flowing current is measured to determine theinformation that may have been stored during the programming 204 of thememory cell 102.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example memory grid array 300 to implementselection of the memory cell 102 as described in present implementation.As shown, the grid 300 includes a bit line 302, a word line 304, andmemory cells 102 at different cross-points in the memory grid array 300.

In an implementation, a particular memory cell 102 is programmed tostore and retain bit information throughout its operating life.Similarly, a read operation may be performed on the particular memorycell 102 to identify the stored and retained information. In both ofthese instances, a selection of the particular memory cell 102 in thememory grid array 300 is performed before the programming or readactivity is performed.

As an example of present implementations herein, the particular memorycell 106 in the memory grid array 300 is selected by supplying a voltagepotential or an electrical current to the bit line 302 and the word line304. For example, the memory cell 102-2 is selected by supplying thevoltage potential to bit line 302-2 and a word line 304-2. In thisexample, the selected memory cell 102-2 is a cross-point between the bitline 302-2 and the word line 304-2. Referring back to FIG. 1, in animplementation, the selector 108 may utilize transistors (not shown) insupplying the voltage potential or the electrical current to the memorycell(s) 102.

FIG. 4 shows an example process chart 400 illustrating an example methodfor programming a memory cell by utilizing a capacitance-dischargecurrent pulse. The order in which the method is described is notintended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of thedescribed method blocks can be combined in any order to implement themethod, or alternate method. Additionally, individual blocks may bedeleted from the method without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe subject matter described herein. Furthermore, the method may beimplemented in any suitable hardware, software, firmware, or acombination thereof, without departing from the scope of the invention.

At block 402, selecting a memory cell (e.g., memory cell 102) andsetting a capacitance-discharge current-pulse to a level where thecapacitance-discharge current-pulse self terminates. In animplementation, the selection of the memory cell is performed bysupplying a voltage potential across a bit line (e.g., bit line 302) anda word line (e.g., word line 304). A cross-point between the bit line302 and the word line 304 is the selected memory cell. With the selectedmemory cell, the capacitance-discharge current-pulse that it may receivefrom a capacitance discharge (e.g., capacitance discharge 110) may beset to the level where the current-pulse self-terminates. In otherwords, the level of capacitance-discharge current pulse includes aminimum amount of current to eventually force the selected memory cellto OFF state. But a current mirror (e.g., current mirror 112) may allowfor recharging of a capacitor and the voltage across the memory cell. Ifthe applied voltage exceeds the cell Vth (e.g., cell Vth 202), theselected memory cell thresholds again and receives another capacitancedischarge pulse.

At block 404, applying a self-selecting applied target voltage Vt (e.g.,Vt 208) to the selected memory cell is performed. In an implementation,the applied target voltage Vt (e.g., Vt 208) is configured and utilizedas a reference voltage in determining whether the memory cell is inprogramming state (e.g. programming state 204) or non-programming state(non-programming state 206). In this implementation, the applied targetvoltage Vt includes a desired minimum memory cell voltage threshold.

In an implementation, a particular memory cell 102 may threshold a fewtimes at a particular amount of applied target voltage while anothermemory cell may not threshold at all at the same amount of appliedtarget voltage Vt. In other words, the amount of applied target voltageVt may be configured to be not too low or not too high in value duringthe programming of the memory cells.

At block 406, determining if the applied target voltage is greater thana threshold voltage Vth (e.g., Vth 202) of the selected memory cell isperformed. For example, if a present threshold voltage Vth of the memorycell is less than applied target voltage, then following the YES branchof block 406, at block 408, the memory cell is determined to bethresholding and programmed Otherwise, following the NO branch of block406, at block 414, the programming is done or ended.

At block 408, applying a capacitance-discharge current pulse to thememory cell is performed. For example, a capacitance discharge (e.g.,capacitance discharge 108) may supply the capacitance-discharge currentpulse (i.e., program pulse) to the thresholding memory cell. Thecapacitance discharge may provide a predetermined amount ofcurrent-pulse that is discharged by a capacitor to alter a materialresistivity of the memory cell. For multiple current-pulses dischargedduring the thresholding events, each capacitance-discharge current pulsemay be utilized to store bit of information to the memory cell 106 bychanging the phase or material resistivity of the memory cell. Incertain implementations, the duration of the current pulse may beincreased or decreased.

In an implementation, the amount of capacitance-discharge current pulseat different thresholding events is configured to step-increase thealteration of the phase or material resistivity of the memory cell. Inthis implementation, the different resistivity may correspond todifferent voltage thresholds. Furthermore, the thresholding events orprogramming may continue until a newly increased voltage threshold ishigher than the applied target voltage Vt.

At block 410, turning OFF a flow of current through the selected memorycell is performed. After each application of the capacitance-dischargecurrent pulse during the thresholding events, the flow of currentthrough the memory cell 102 is turned OFF due to integration of the readoperation to the program pulse. In an implementation a current mirror(e.g., current mirror 112) is configured to facilitate the turning OFFof the memory cell.

At block 412, increasing the threshold voltage Vth towards the appliedtarget voltage Vt is performed. For example, with each thresholdingevent, a current mirror (e.g., the current mirror 110) is configured tofacilitate the increasing of the threshold voltage Vth towards theapplied target voltage Vt. In this example, the increasing of thethreshold voltage Vth may be based or caused by thecapacitance-discharge current pulse. Furthermore, the increasing of thethreshold voltage Vth may provide the newly increased voltage thresholdthat is compared to the applied voltage 208 at a subsequent thresholdingevent. The process 400 goes back to block 404 until the applied voltage208 is lesser than the newly increased threshold voltage Vth.

At block 414, the programming of the memory cell is ended. For example,if the applied target voltage Vt 208 is less than the threshold voltageVth, then the capacitance-discharge current pulse may not flow into thememory cell. The total time for process 400 may be about 25 nanoseconds.Application of the self-selecting voltage, block 414, may include aread/write operation.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example system 500 in accordance with the presentdisclosure. For example, the schematic diagram 100 utilizes the examplesystem 500. In various implementations, the system 500 may be a mediasystem although system 500 is not limited to this context. For example,system 500 may be incorporated into a personal computer (PC), laptopcomputer, ultra-laptop computer, tablet, touch pad, portable computer,handheld computer, palmtop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA),cellular telephone, combination cellular telephone/PDA, television,smart device (e.g., smart phone, smart tablet or smart television),mobile internet device (MID), messaging device, data communicationdevice, and so forth.

In various implementations, system 500 includes a platform 502 coupledto a display 520. Platform 502 may receive content from a content devicesuch as content services device(s) 530 or content delivery device(s) 540or other similar content sources. A navigation controller 550 includingone or more navigation features may be used to interact with, forexample, platform 502 and/or display 520. Each of these components isdescribed in greater detail below.

In various implementations, platform 502 may include any combination ofa chipset 505, processor 510, memory 512, storage 514, graphicssubsystem 515, applications 516 and/or radio 518. Chipset 505 mayprovide intercommunication among processor 510, memory 512, storage 514,graphics subsystem 515, applications 516 and/or radio 518. For example,chipset 505 may include a storage adapter (not depicted) capable ofproviding intercommunication with storage 514.

Processor 510 may be implemented as a Complex Instruction Set Computer(CISC) or Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processors, x86instruction set compatible processors, multi-core, or any othermicroprocessor or central processing unit (CPU). In variousimplementations, processor 510 may be dual-core processor(s), dual-coremobile processor(s), and so forth.

Memory 512 may be implemented as a non-volatile memory device such as,the PCM memory cell. In an implementation, the memory 512 is coupled tothe processor 510, which may act as the write controller 102.

Storage 514 may be implemented as another non-volatile storage devicesuch as, but not limited to, a magnetic disk drive, optical disk drive,tape drive, an internal storage device, an attached storage device,flash memory, battery backed-up SDRAM (synchronous DRAM), and/or anetwork accessible storage device. In various implementations, storage514 may include technology to increase the storage performance enhancedprotection for valuable digital media when multiple hard drives areincluded, for example.

Graphics subsystem 515 may perform processing of images such as still orvideo for display. Graphics subsystem 515 may be a graphics processingunit (GPU) or a visual processing unit (VPU), for example. An analog ordigital interface may be used to communicatively couple graphicssubsystem 515 and display 520. For example, the interface may be any ofa High-Definition Multimedia Interface, Display Port, wireless HDMI,and/or wireless HD compliant techniques. Graphics subsystem 515 may beintegrated into processor 510 or chipset 505. In some implementations,graphics subsystem 515 may be a stand-alone card communicatively coupledto chipset 505.

The graphics and/or video processing techniques described herein may beimplemented in various hardware architectures. For example, graphicsand/or video functionality may be integrated within a chipset.Alternatively, a discrete graphics and/or video processor may be used.As still another implementation, the graphics and/or video functions maybe provided by a general-purpose processor, including a multi-coreprocessor. In further embodiments, the functions may be implemented in aconsumer electronics device.

Radio 518 may include one or more radios capable of transmitting andreceiving signals using various suitable wireless communicationstechniques. Such techniques may involve communications across one ormore wireless networks. Example wireless networks include (but are notlimited to) wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless personal areanetworks (WPANs), wireless metropolitan area network (WMANs), cellularnetworks, and satellite networks. In communicating across such networks,radio 518 may operate in accordance with one or more applicablestandards in any version.

In various implementations, display 520 may include any television typemonitor or display. Display 520 may include, for example, a computerdisplay screen, touch screen display, video monitor, television-likedevice, and/or a television. Display 520 may be digital and/or analog.In various implementations, display 520 may be a holographic display. Inaddition, display 520 may be a transparent surface that may receive avisual projection. Such projections may convey various forms ofinformation, images, and/or objects. For example, such projections maybe a visual overlay for a mobile augmented reality (MAR) application.Under the control of one or more software applications 516, platform 502may display user interface 522 on display 520.

In various implementations, content services device(s) 530 may be hostedby any national, international and/or independent service and thusaccessible to platform 502 via the Internet, for example. Contentservices device(s) 530 may be coupled to platform 502 and/or to display520. Platform 502 and/or content services device(s) 530 may be coupledto a network 560 to communicate (e.g., send and/or receive) mediainformation to and from network 560. Content delivery device(s) 540 alsomay be coupled to platform 502 and/or to display 520.

In various implementations, content services device(s) 530 may include acable television box, personal computer, network, telephone, Internetenabled devices or appliance capable of delivering digital informationand/or content, and any other similar device capable of unidirectionallyor bidirectionally communicating content between content providers andplatform 502 and/display 520, via network 560 or directly. It will beappreciated that the content may be communicated unidirectionally and/orbidirectionally to and from any one of the components in system 500 anda content provider via network 560. Examples of content may include anymedia information including, for example, video, music, medical andgaming information, and so forth.

Content services device(s) 530 may receive content such as cabletelevision programming including media information, digital information,and/or other content. Examples of content providers may include anycable or satellite television or radio or Internet content providers.The provided examples are not meant to limit implementations inaccordance with the present disclosure in any way.

In various implementations, platform 502 may receive control signalsfrom navigation controller 550 having one or more navigation features.The navigation features of controller 550 may be used to interact withuser interface 522, for example. In embodiments, navigation controller550 may be a pointing device that may be a computer hardware component(specifically, a human interface device) that allows a user to inputspatial (e.g., continuous and multi-dimensional) data into a computer.Many systems such as graphical user interfaces (GUI), and televisionsand monitors allow the user to control and provide data to the computeror television using physical gestures.

Movements of the navigation features of controller 550 may be replicatedon a display (e.g., display 520) by movements of a pointer, cursor,focus ring, or other visual indicators displayed on the display. Forexample, under the control of software applications 516, the navigationfeatures located on navigation controller 550 may be mapped to virtualnavigation features displayed on user interface 522, for example. Inembodiments, controller 550 may not be a separate component but may beintegrated into platform 502 and/or display 520. The present disclosure,however, is not limited to the elements or in the context shown ordescribed herein.

In various implementations, drivers (not shown) may include technologyto enable users to instantly turn on and off platform 502 like atelevision with the touch of a button after initial boot-up, whenenabled, for example. Program logic may allow platform 502 to streamcontent to media adaptors or other content services device(s) 530 orcontent delivery device(s) 540 even when the platform is turned “off.”In addition, chipset 505 may include hardware and/or software supportfor 5.1 surround sound audio and/or high definition 7.1 surround soundaudio, for example. Drivers may include a graphics driver for integratedgraphics platforms. In embodiments, the graphics driver may comprise aperipheral component interconnect (PCI) Express graphics card.

In various implementations, any one or more of the components shown insystem 500 may be integrated. For example, platform 502 and contentservices device(s) 530 may be integrated, or platform 502 and contentdelivery device(s) 540 may be integrated, or platform 502, contentservices device(s) 530, and content delivery device(s) 540 may beintegrated, for example. In various embodiments, platform 502 anddisplay 520 may be an integrated unit. Display 520 and content servicedevice(s) 530 may be integrated, or display 520 and content deliverydevice(s) 540 may be integrated, for example. These examples are notmeant to limit the present disclosure.

In various embodiments, system 500 may be implemented as a wirelesssystem, a wired system, or a combination of both. When implemented as awireless system, system 500 may include components and interfacessuitable for communicating over a wireless shared media, such as one ormore antennas, transmitters, receivers, transceivers, amplifiers,filters, control logic, and so forth. An example of wireless sharedmedia may include portions of a wireless spectrum, such as the RFspectrum and so forth. When implemented as a wired system, system 500may include components and interfaces suitable for communicating overwired communications media, such as input/output (I/O) adapters,physical connectors to connect the I/O adapter with a correspondingwired communications medium, a network interface card (NIC), disccontroller, video controller, audio controller, and the like. Examplesof wired communications media may include a wire, cable, metal leads,printed circuit board (PCB), backplane, switch fabric, semiconductormaterial, twisted-pair wire, co-axial cable, fiber optics, and so forth.

Platform 502 may establish one or more logical or physical channels tocommunicate information. The information may include media informationand control information. Media information may refer to any datarepresenting content meant for a user. Examples of content may include,for example, data from a voice conversation, videoconference, streamingvideo, electronic mail (“email”) message, voice mail message,alphanumeric symbols, graphics, image, video, text and so forth. Datafrom a voice conversation may be, for example, speech information,silence periods, background noise, comfort noise, tones and so forth.Control information may refer to any data representing commands,instructions or control words meant for an automated system. Forexample, control information may be used to route media informationthrough a system, or instruct a node to process the media information ina predetermined manner. The embodiments, however, are not limited to theelements or in the context shown or described in FIG. 5.

As described above, system 500 may be embodied in varying physicalstyles or form factors. FIG. 5 illustrates implementations of a smallform factor device 500 in which system 500 may be embodied. Inembodiments, for example, device 500 may be implemented as a mobilecomputing device having wireless capabilities. A mobile computing devicemay refer to any device having a processing system and a mobile powersource or supply, such as one or more batteries, for example.

As described above, examples of a mobile computing device may include apersonal computer (PC), laptop computer, ultra-laptop computer, tablet,touch pad, portable computer, handheld computer, palmtop computer,personal digital assistant (PDA), cellular telephone, combinationcellular telephone/PDA, television, smart device (e.g., smart phone,smart tablet or smart television), mobile internet device (MID),messaging device, data communication device, and so forth.

Examples of a mobile computing device also may include computers thatare arranged to be worn by a person, such as a wrist computer, fingercomputer, ring computer, eyeglass computer, belt-clip computer, arm-bandcomputer, shoe computers, clothing computers, and other wearablecomputers. In various embodiments, for example, a mobile computingdevice may be implemented as a smart phone capable of executing computerapplications, as well as voice communications and/or datacommunications. Although some embodiments may be described with a mobilecomputing device implemented as a smart phone by way of example, it maybe appreciated that other embodiments may be implemented using otherwireless mobile computing devices as well. The embodiments are notlimited in this context.

As shown in FIG. 6, device 600 may include a housing 602, a displayscreen 604, an input/output (I/O) device 606, a network interface card(NIC) 608 and a transceiver component 610. Device 600 also may includenavigation features 612. The display screen 604 may include any suitabledisplay unit for displaying information appropriate for a mobilecomputing device. For example, the display screen 604 displays thepersonalized message that the personalized communication program maygenerate. The I/O device 606 may include any suitable I/O device or userinterface (UI) for entering information into a mobile computing devicesuch as when the user 102 opts-in to the personalized communicationprogram. Examples for I/O device 606 may include an alphanumerickeyboard, a numeric keypad, a touch pad, input keys, buttons, switches,rocker switches, microphones, speakers, voice recognition device andsoftware, and so forth. Information also may be entered into device 600by way of microphone (not shown). Such information may be digitized by avoice recognition device (not shown). The embodiments are not limited inthis context.

Various embodiments may be implemented using hardware elements, softwareelements, or a combination of both. Examples of hardware elements mayinclude processors, microprocessors, circuits, circuit elements (e.g.,transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and so forth), integratedcircuits, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmablelogic devices (PLD), digital signal processors (DSP), field programmablegate array (FPGA), logic gates, registers, semiconductor device, chips,microchips, chip sets, and so forth. Examples of software may includesoftware components, programs, applications, computer programs,application programs, system programs, machine programs, operatingsystem software, middleware, firmware, software modules, routines,subroutines, functions, methods, procedures, software interfaces,application program interfaces (API), instruction sets, computing code,computer code, code segments, computer code segments, words, values,symbols, or any combination thereof. Determining whether an embodimentis implemented using hardware elements and/or software elements may varyin accordance with any number of factors, such as desired computationalrate, power levels, heat tolerances, processing cycle budget, input datarates, output data rates, memory resources, data bus speeds and otherdesign or performance constraints.

One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented byrepresentative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium whichrepresents various logic within the processor, which when read by amachine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniquesdescribed herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores” may bestored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to variouscustomers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabricationmachines that actually make the logic or processor.

While certain features set forth herein have been described withreference to various implementations, this description is not intendedto be construed in a limiting sense. Hence, various modifications of theimplementations described herein, as well as other implementations,which are apparent to persons skilled in the art to which the presentdisclosure pertains are deemed to lie within the spirit and scope of thepresent disclosure.

Realizations in accordance with the present invention have beendescribed in the context of particular embodiments. These embodimentsare meant to be illustrative and not limiting. Many variations,modifications, additions, and improvements are possible. Accordingly,plural instances may be provided for components described herein as asingle instance. Boundaries between various components, operations anddata stores are somewhat arbitrary, and particular operations areillustrated in the context of specific illustrative configurations.Other allocations of functionality are envisioned and may fall withinthe scope of claims that follow. Finally, structures and functionalitypresented as discrete components in the various configurations may beimplemented as a combined structure or component. These and othervariations, modifications, additions, and improvements may fall withinthe scope of the invention as defined in the claims that follow.

The following examples pertain to further embodiments:

Example 1 is a method of programming a memory cell comprising: applyinga self-selecting voltage to a selected memory cell, wherein the appliedvoltage includes a desired minimum memory cell voltage threshold;determining if the applied voltage is greater than a voltage thresholdof the selected memory cell; in response to the determination that theapplied voltage is greater than the voltage threshold, applying acapacitance discharge current pulse to program the selected memory cell;turning OFF a flow of current through the selected memory cell after theapplication of the capacitance-discharge current pulse; increasing thevoltage threshold of the selected memory cell towards the appliedvoltage.

In Example 2, the method as recited in example 1, further comprisingselecting the memory cell, wherein the selection includes supplying avoltage potential to a bit line and a word line that are connected tothe selected memory cell, wherein the memory cell is a phase changememory (PCM) cell.

In Example 3, the method as recited in example 1, further comprisingsetting the capacitance-discharge current pulse to a level where thecapacitance-discharge current pulse self terminates, wherein the flow ofcurrent during the self-termination includes a limit to the maximumcurrent such that as the capacitance is discharged, the memory cellturns off

In Example 4, the method as recited in example 1, wherein eachcapacitance discharge current pulse during a thresholding eventcorresponds to a particular bit of information that is stored andretained by the selected memory cell, the capacitance-discharge currentpulse is configured to facilitate a step-increase of the voltagethreshold towards the applied voltage.

In Example 5, the method as recited in example 1, further comprising:ending the programming of the memory cell if the applied voltage is lessthan a newly increased memory cell voltage threshold, wherein the newlyincreased memory cell voltage threshold is greater than the desiredminimum memory cell voltage threshold.

In Example 6, the method as recited in example 1, wherein the turningOFF of the flow of current through the memory cell is facilitated by acurrent mirror, the current mirror is further configured to facilitateincreasing of recharging the capacitor to yield potentially anothercapacitance discharge pulse if the cell voltage threshold has not exceedthe applied voltage, and if the cell voltage threshold has exceeded theapplied voltage then no thresholding will occur and no capacitancedischarge pulse will flow and the cell voltage threshold will beunchanged.

In Example 7, the method as recited in example 1, wherein the turningOFF of the memory cell is utilized to perform a read operation that isintegrated with the programming operation.

In Example 8, a programming device to program a memory cell with an anapplied self-selecting voltage, wherein the applied self-selectingvoltage includes a desired minimum memory cell voltage threshold,comprising: a write controller configured to determine if the appliedself-selecting voltage is greater than a voltage threshold of the memorycell; a capacitance discharge configured to apply acapacitance-discharge current pulse to program the memory cell inresponse to the determination that the applied self-selecting voltage isgreater than the voltage threshold; and a current mirror configured toturn OFF a flow of current through the memory cell after the applicationof the capacitance-discharge current pulse, wherein the current mirroris further configured to facilitate increasing of the voltage thresholdof the memory cell towards the applied self-selecting voltage.

In example 9, the programming device as recited in claim 8, furthercomprising a selector driven by the writer controller to perform aselecting of the memory cell, wherein the selector supplies a voltagepotential to a bit line and a word line that are connected to the memorycell.

In example 10, the programming device as recited in claim 8, wherein thewrite controller is further configured to set the capacitance dischargecurrent pulse to a level where the capacitance discharge current pulseself terminates.

In example 11, the programming device as recited in claim 8, wherein thewrite controller is further configured to end the program of the memorycell in response to the determination that the applied self-selectingvoltage is less than a newly increased voltage threshold of the memorycell.

In example 12, the programming device as recited in claim 8, wherein thememory cell is a phase change memory (PCM) cell.

In example 13, the programming device as recited in claim 8, wherein thecapacitance discharge supplies multiple capacitance-discharge currentpulses during multiple thresholding events, wherein eachcapacitance-discharge current pulse corresponds to a particular bit ofinformation that is stored and retained by the memory cell.

In example 14, the apparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein the turningOFF of the memory cell is utilized to perform a read operation that isintegrated with the program of the memory cell.

Example 15 is a programmable memory cell comprising: an input to toreceive an applied self-selecting voltage that is compared to a voltagethreshold of the memory cell, wherein the memory cell receives acapacitance-discharge current pulse in response to a determination thatthe applied self-selecting voltage is greater than the voltagethreshold, wherein the memory cell is turned OFF after the applicationof the capacitance-discharge current pulse and the voltage threshold ofthe memory cell is configured to increase towards the appliedself-selecting voltage.

In example 16, the programmable memory cell as recited in claim 15,wherein the applied self-selecting voltage includes a desired minimummemory cell voltage threshold.

In example 17, the programmable memory cell as recited in claim 15,wherein each capacitance-discharge current pulse during thresholdingevents corresponds to a particular bit of information that is stored andretained by the memory cell.

In example 18, the programmable memory cell as recited in claim 15,wherein the memory cell is selected by receiving a voltage potentialfrom a connected bit line and a connected word line.

In example 19, the programmable memory cell as recited in claim 15,wherein the programmable memory cell is configured to receive input tofrom a write controller configured to end programming of the memory cellif the applied self-selecting voltage is less than a newly increasedmemory cell voltage threshold.

In example 20, the programmable memory cell as recited in claim 15,wherein the programmable memory cell is configured to receive a currentfrom a current mirror to increase the voltage threshold towards theapplied self-selecting voltage.

In Example 21, one or more processor-readable media having encodedthereon processor-executable instructions that, when executed by one ormore processors, direct a performance of operations, the operationscomprising: selecting a memory cell from a memory array; applying aself-selecting voltage to the selected memory cell, wherein the appliedvoltage includes a desired minimum memory cell voltage threshold;determining if the applied voltage is greater than a voltage thresholdof the selected memory cell; in response to the determination of theapplied voltage that is greater than the voltage threshold, applying acapacitance-discharge current pulse to program the selected memory cell;turning OFF a flow of current through the selected memory cell after theapplication of the capacitance-discharge current pulse; increasing thevoltage threshold towards the applied voltage, wherein the increase inthe voltage threshold is caused by the capacitance-discharge currentpulse.

In Example 22, the one or more processor-readable media as recited inexample 21, wherein the selecting includes supplying a voltage potentialto a bitline and a wordline that are connected to the selected memorycell, wherein the memory cell is a phase change memory (PCM) cell.

In Example 23, the one or more processor-readable media as recited inexample 21, wherein each capacitance-discharge current pulse duringthresholding events corresponds to a particular bit of information thatis stored and retained by the memory cell.

In Example 24, the one or more processor-readable media as recited inexample 21, further comprising setting the capacitance-discharge currentpulse to a level where the capacitance-discharge current pulse selfterminates.

In Example 25, the one or more processor-readable media as recited inexample 21, further comprising: ending the programming of the memorycell if the applied voltage is less than a newly increased memory cellvoltage threshold.

In Example 26, the one or more processor-readable media as recited inexample 21, wherein the turning OFF of the flow of current through thememory cell is facilitated by a current mirror.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of programming a memory cell comprising:applying a self-selecting voltage to a selected memory cell, wherein theapplied voltage includes a desired minimum memory cell voltagethreshold; determining if the applied voltage is greater than a voltagethreshold of the selected memory cell; in response to the determinationthat the applied voltage is greater than the voltage threshold, applyinga capacitance discharge current pulse to program the selected memorycell; turning OFF a flow of current through the selected memory cellafter the application of the capacitance-discharge current pulse; andincreasing the voltage threshold of the selected memory cell towards theapplied voltage.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the applying aself-selecting voltage is performed by increasing current pulseduration.
 3. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprisingselecting the memory cell, wherein the selection includes supplying avoltage potential to a bit line and a word line that are connected tothe selected memory cell, wherein the memory cell is a phase changememory (PCM) cell.
 4. The method as recited in claim 1, furthercomprising setting the capacitance discharge current pulse to a levelwhere the capacitance-discharge current pulse self terminates, whereinthe flow of current during the self-termination includes a limit to themaximum current such that as the capacitance is discharged, the memorycell turns off.
 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein eachcapacitance discharge current pulse during a thresholding eventcorresponds to a particular bit of information that is stored andretained by the selected memory cell, the capacitance-discharge currentpulse is configured to facilitate a step-increase of the voltagethreshold towards the applied voltage.
 6. The method as recited in claim1, further comprising ending the programming of the memory cell if theapplied voltage is less than a newly increased memory cell voltagethreshold, wherein the newly increased memory cell voltage threshold isgreater than the desired minimum memory cell voltage threshold.
 7. Themethod as recited in claim 1, wherein the turning OFF of the flow ofcurrent through the memory cell is facilitated by a current mirror, thecurrent mirror is further configured to facilitate increasing ofrecharging the capacitor to yield potentially another capacitancedischarge pulse if the cell voltage threshold has not exceed the appliedvoltage, and if the cell voltage threshold has exceeded the appliedvoltage then no thresholding occur and no capacitance discharge pulsewill flow and the cell voltage threshold will be unchanged.
 8. Themethod as recited in claim 1, wherein the turning OFF of the memory cellis utilized to perform a read operation that is integrated with theprogramming operation.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the methodtakes place at about 25 nanoseconds.
 10. A programming device to programa memory cell with an applied self-selecting voltage, wherein theapplied self-selecting voltage includes a desired minimum memory cellvoltage threshold comprising: a write controller configured to determineif the applied self-selecting voltage is greater than a voltagethreshold of the memory cell; a capacitance discharge configured toapply a capacitance-discharge current pulse to program the memory cellin response to the determination that the applied self-selecting voltageis greater than the voltage threshold; and a current mirror configuredto turn OFF a flow of current through the memory cell after theapplication of the capacitance-discharge current pulse, wherein thecurrent mirror is further configured to facilitate increasing of thevoltage threshold of the memory cell towards the applied self-selectingvoltage.
 11. The programming device as recited in claim 10, furthercomprising a selector driven by the write controller to perform aselecting of the memory cell, wherein the selector supplies a voltagepotential to a bit line and a word line that are connected to the memorycell.
 12. The programming device as recited in claim 10, wherein thewrite controller is further configured to set the capacitance dischargecurrent pulse to a level where the capacitance discharge current pulseself terminates.
 13. The programming device as recited in claim 10,wherein the write controller is further configured to end the program ofthe memory cell in response to the determination that the appliedself-selecting voltage is less than a newly increased voltage thresholdof the memory cell.
 14. The programming device as recited in claim 10,wherein the memory cell is a phase change memory (PCM) cell.
 15. Theprogramming device as recited in claim 10, wherein the capacitancedischarge supplies multiple capacitance-discharge current pulses duringmultiple thresholding events, wherein each capacitance-discharge currentpulse corresponds to a particular bit of information that is stored andretained by the memory cell.
 16. The programming device as recited inclaim 10, wherein the capacitance discharge supplies current pulses ofincreasing duration.
 17. The programming device as recited in claim 10,wherein the turning OFF of the memory cell is utilized to perform a readoperation that is integrated with the program of the memory cell.
 18. Aprogrammable memory cell comprising: an input to receive an appliedself-selecting voltage that is compared to a voltage threshold of thememory cell, wherein the memory cell receives a capacitance-dischargecurrent pulse in response to a determination that the appliedself-selecting voltage is greater than the voltage threshold, whereinthe memory cell is turned OFF after the application of thecapacitance-discharge current pulse and the voltage threshold of thememory cell is configured to increase towards the applied self-selectingvoltage.
 19. The programmable memory cell as recited in claim 18,wherein the applied self-selecting voltage includes a desired minimummemory cell voltage threshold.
 20. The programmable memory cell asrecited in claim 18, wherein the capacitance discharge current pulseincreases in duration to reach the voltage threshold.
 21. Theprogrammable memory cell as recited in claim 18, wherein eachcapacitance-discharge current pulse during thresholding eventscorresponds to a particular bit of information that is stored andretained by the memory cell.
 22. The programmable memory cell as recitedin claim 18, wherein the memory cell is selected by receiving a voltagepotential from a connected bit line and a connected word line.
 23. Theprogrammable memory cell as recited in claim 18, wherein theprogrammable memory cell is configured to receive input to from a writecontroller configured to end programming of the memory cell if theapplied self-selecting voltage is less than a newly increased memorycell voltage threshold.
 24. The programmable memory cell as recited inclaim 18, wherein the programmable memory cell is configured to receivea current from a current mirror to increase the voltage thresholdtowards the applied self-selecting voltage.